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McNulty J, Steere JA, Wolf S. 
“The Ultrasound Promoted Knoevenagel Condensation of Aromatic Aldehydes”. 
Tetrahedron Letters. 1998;39:8013-8016.
Abstract
Application of ultrasound has been found to greatly assist the Knoevenagel aldol condensation reaction of activated methylenes with aromatic aldehydes under mild conditions. The outcome of the ultrasound-promoted reaction depends upon the electronic nature of the aromatic aldehyde, the solvent employed and the addition of acids, bases or ammonium salts.
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